Everything about Red-cockaded Woodpecker totally explained
About the size of the
Northern Cardinal, the
Red-cockaded Woodpecker (
Picoides borealis) is approximately 8.5
in. (20-23
cm) long, with a
wingspan of about 14 in. (36 cm.) and a weight of about 1.5
ounces. Its back is barred with black and white horizontal stripes.
The Red-cockaded Woodpecker's most distinguishing feature is a black cap and nape that encircle large white cheek patches. Rarely visible, except perhaps during the breeding season and periods of
territorial defense, the male has a small red streak on each side of its black cap called a
cockade, hence its name. The Red-cockaded Woodpecker feeds primarily on
ants,
beetles,
cockroaches,
caterpillars, wood-boring insects, and
spiders, and occasionally
fruit and
berries.
Reproduction and development
Red-cockaded Woodpeckers are a territorial,
nonmigratory,
cooperative breeding species, frequently having the same mate for several years.The nesting season lasts from April to June. The breeding female lays three to four
eggs in the breeding male's roost cavity. Group members incubate the small white eggs for 10-12 days. Once hatched, the nestlings remain in the nest cavity for about 26 days. Upon fledging, the young often remain with the parents, forming groups of up to nine or more members, but more typically three to four members. There is only one pair of breeding birds within each group, and they normally only raise a single brood each year. The other group members, called
helpers, usually males from the previous breeding season, help incubate the eggs and raise the young. Juvenile females generally leave the group before the next breeding season, in search of solitary male groups.
Range and population level
Historically, this woodpecker's range extended in the
southeastern United States from
Florida to
New Jersey and
Maryland, as far west as eastern
Texas and
Oklahoma, and inland to
Missouri,
Kentucky, and
Tennessee. Today it's estimated that there are about 5,000 groups of red-cockaded woodpeckers, or 12,500 birds, from Florida to
Virginia and west to southeast Oklahoma and eastern Texas, representing about 1% of the woodpecker's original population. They have become extinct-(
extirpated), in New Jersey, Maryland, and Missouri.
A map of sightings of the red-cockaded woodpecker in the U.S.A. is in the external links below.
Sighting maps of individual states, counties etc. can also be generated at this site. In Texas, red-cockaded woodpeckers can be seen at W.G. Jones State Forest (see external link below)
Habitat
The Red-cockaded Woodpecker makes its home in mature
pine forests.
Longleaf Pines (
Pinus palustris) are most commonly preferred, but other species of southern pine are also acceptable. While other woodpeckers bore out cavities in dead trees where the wood is rotten and soft, the Red-cockaded Woodpecker is the only one which excavates cavities exclusively in living pine trees. The older pines favored by the Red-cockaded Woodpecker often suffer from a
fungus called
red heart rot which attacks the center of the trunk, causing the inner wood, the heartwood, to become soft. Cavities generally take from 1 to 3 years to excavate.
The aggregate of cavity trees is called a cluster and may include 1 to 20 or more cavity trees on 3 to 60
acres (12,000 to 240,000 m²). The average cluster is about 10 acres (40,000 m²). Cavity trees that are being actively used have numerous, small
resin wells which exude
sap. The birds keep the sap flowing apparently as a cavity defense mechanism against
rat snakes and possibly other predators. The typical territory for a group ranges from about 125 to 200 acres (500,000 to 800,000 m²), but observers have reported territories running from a low of around 60 acres (240,000 m²), to an upper extreme of more than 600 acres (2.40 km²). The size of a particular territory is related to both habitat suitability and population density.
The Red-cockaded Woodpecker plays a vital role in the intricate web of life of the southern pine forests. A number of other birds and small
mammals use the cavities excavated by Red-cockaded Woodpeckers, such as
chickadees,
bluebirds,
titmice, and several other woodpecker species, including the
Downy,
Hairy, and
Red-bellied Woodpeckers. Larger woodpeckers may take over a Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavity, sometimes enlarging the hole enough to allow
Eastern Screech Owls,
Wood Ducks, and even
Raccoons to move in later.
Flying Squirrels, several species of
reptiles and
amphibians, and
insects, primarily
bees and
wasps, also will use Red-cockaded Woodpecker cavities.
In an effort to increase the Red-cockaded Woodpecker population in sites such as River Creek, the Rolf and Alexandra Kauka Wildlife Management Area, near
Thomasville, Georgia, the state is creating artificial cavities in Longleaf Pine trees. Department of Natural Resources staff use two methods. They either carve a wedge from a tree and insert a pre-made wood nesting cavity, or drill a cavity into the tree.
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